Nkrumah argued that what African states needed to do was return to more orthodox Marxist-Leninist socialist ideals or scientific socialism, and that is what several African states did in the 1970s, like Ethiopia and Mozambique. It can be difficult to accurately define a socialist country because the term has come to have many meanings and interpretations. One out of seven people on earth live in Africa, and the continent's share of the world's population is bound to increase because Africa's fertility rate remains higher than elsewhere. This means that private individuals own the resources . harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHunt2005 (, Article 1, Section SECOND EXTRAORDINARY SESSION OF 1976 of the, Last edited on 22 February 2023, at 03:12, Socialism in liberal democratic constitutions, Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities, Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria, Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola, People's Revolutionary Party of Kampuchea, Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia, Commission for Organizing the Party of the Working People of Ethiopia, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde, 1973 Equatorial Guinean constitutional referendum, Democratic Party of Guinea African Democratic Rally, Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Sudanese Union African Democratic Rally, Soviet Republic of Soldiers and Fortress-Builders of Naissaar, LithuanianByelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, People's Revolutionary Government of the Republic of China, Political Committee of National Liberation, Provisional People's Committee for North Korea, Provisional Democratic Government of North Greece, People's Provisional Government of Vanuatu, People's Revolutionary Republic of Guinea, Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea, Provisional Government of National Union and National Salvation of Cambodia, List of anti-capitalist and communist parties with national parliamentary representation, List of democratic socialist parties and organizations, List of social democratic and democratic socialist parties that have governed, People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola, Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party Syria Region, Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor, People's Democratic Republic of Burkina Faso, Organization for Popular Democracy Labour Movement, Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front, Communist Party of Nepal (Unified MarxistLeninist), Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), Association for the Rebirth of Madagascar, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova, Farabundo Mart National Liberation Front, International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, declared independence from the Soviet Union, "How Did the Vietnam War Affect the Economy - 551 Words | Bartleby", "Reviewed work: Vietnam: A Pathway from State Socialism, Thaveeporn Vasavakul", "Ho Chi Minh on Independence and Freedom - Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung", Constitution of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, "2007 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - Eritrea", Constitution of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, Constitution of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana, Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, "The Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976", Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, Constitution of the Republic of Nicaragua, "Texto De La Constitucin Poltica De La Repblica De Nicaragua Con Sus Reformas Incorporadas", National Assembly of the Republic of Nicaragua, Constitution of Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania, "Myanmar: No sign of lasting peace in Wa State", "Two decades on: A glimpse inside the Zapatista's capital, Oventic", Constitution of the Republic of Afghanistan, Constitution of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania, Constitution of the People's Republic of Angola, 25 1991 . Angela Thompsell, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor of British and African History at SUNY Brockport. Send us your feedback. The concept of villagization as adopted in various countries was intended to increase food and cash crop production. In Tanzania, Ujamaa destroyed the countrys agriculture. Emphasis was placed on the community values that existed in precolonial African societies. They generally agreed, however, that precolonial Africas communal values and the relative absence of classes and class struggle should form the basis of an African path of development. Police roadblocks were set up around the country to control internal trade. Examples of previous direct communist or socialist party rule in non-socialist multi-party democracies and constitutionally socialist states include: This article is about self-proclaimed socialist states. Equating capitalism with colonialism, Africas nationalist leaders rejected it and adopted socialism in the 1960s. Twentieth-century Africa's predominantly rural population, mostly subsistence cultivators, did not offer a likely terrain for communism, which saw the urban working class as the driving force for political and socioeconomic change.Moreover, the Communist International (Comintern) was far more concerned with Europe and Asia, although it periodically chastized communists in the imperial . Workers and peasants were intended to own and control the means of production. Private capital was nationalized, and this included banks, insurance companies, and foreign trading companies. Section 1, Article 1: "The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic is a socialist state expressing the will and interests of the workers, peasants and intelligentsia, the working people of all nationalities of the republic". The partys ideology can be defined as a blend between Chinese communism and Marxism-Leninism. There are not and never were there, any such countries anywhere in the world as socialism is an advanced post-capitalist society. Communist countries, such as China, North Korea, and Cuba, tend toward socialism, while Western European countries favor capitalist economies and try to chart a middle course. 30-40 years. It brings to the President of the Republic, guarantor of national unity, the support of its organization and the action of its activists. Capitalism is an economic system in which capital and the means of production are owned privately. The country's constitution is explicit in its definition of the government structure, stating that Angola is a socialist state.However, the government is yet to implement these provisions of the constitution that would make Angola a socialist state in practice. For the Pan-Africanist George Padmore, African socialism was part of a threefold revolutionary movement encompassing national self-determination, social revolution, and continental unity. Your feedback. No. Corrections? 1019-XII , Constitution of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Constitution of the People's Republic of Bulgaria, Constitution of the People's Republic of Kampuchea, Constitution of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, Constitution of the German Democratic Republic, "The Manifesto of the New Jewel Movement", Constitution of the Hungarian People's Republic, "The Constitution of North Korea: Its Changes and Implications", "Madagascar: 1975 Constitutional referendum", Constitution of the Mongolian People's Republic, Constitution of the People's Republic of Poland, Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Romania, Constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, "Walter Duranty Explains Changes In Soviet Constitution", Constitution of the Somali Democratic Republic, A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples, Constitution of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, Constitution of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, Constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Constitution of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma, Constitution of the Republic of Equatorial Guineaa, Constitution of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, "Insoumission civile et dfaillance tatique: les contradictions du processus dmocratique malien", Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Sudan, "Central America and Caribbean: Nicaragua Government", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_socialist_states&oldid=1140856853. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. A List of Current Communist Countries in the World, Types of Enslavement in Africa and the World Today, The Origins, Purpose, and Proliferation of Pan-Africanism, Countries in Africa Considered Never Colonized, African Iron Age - 1,000 Years of African Kingdoms, many obstacles these new states faced at independence, Ph.D., History, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, M.A., History, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, B.A./B.S, History and Zoology, University of Florida, Pitcher, M. Anne, and Kelly M. Askew. The Eastern bloc of the communist-socialist states, where the political and economic power should come from the up to now oppressed peasants and workers. African governments alone imposed the alien ideology of socialism on their countries, consolidating an enormous economic and political power in the hands of the state. Socialist countries are states that are institutionally set up in terms of socialist principles. The list is best understood as a list of countries that explicitly claim to be socialist and it does not reflect the actual economic systems themselves. Preamble: "[] to constitute Sri Lanka into a democratic socialist republic whilst ratifying the immutable republican principles of representative democracy, and assuring to all peoples freedom, equality, justice, fundamental human rights and the independence of the judiciary". Siad Barre was a man who seized power and stayed in power from October 21 1969 to January 26 1991. Preamble (19962016): "Gathered in the national movement and later within the National Front of Liberation, the Algerian people have made great sacrifices in order to assume their collective destiny in the framework of recovered freedom and cultural identity and to build authentic people's democratic constitutional institutions. It used to be considerably longer, with countries like Yugoslavia . This list was actually much longer in years past, with nations such as Yugoslavia and the U.S.S.R. ruled by governments built around socialist and even communist principles. The least significant on our list of 15 socialist countries that have succeeded is Moldova. The Communist Party of the Russian Federation was involved in government from 19981999, though non-communist, Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the, Article 1, Section The State and the Constitution of the. Other communist countries, such as East Germany, were essentially satellites of the U.S.S.R. that played a significant role during the Cold War but no longer . Socialist and democratic values were part of Africas precolonial history, reflecting a time when all members of society contributed to production and wealth was distributed equitably. Peru, Portugal, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tanzania, Venezuela, Zambia, and . Preamble: "In the present stage, the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, as the initiator and coordinator of the policy of, Section 1, Article 1: "The People's Socialist Republic of Albania is a state of the, Section 1, Article 2: "All sovereignty is vested in the Angolan people. However, there are roughly half a dozen countries either governed by . Norway, Finland, Sweden, Denmark, the United Kingdom, Canada, the Netherlands, Spain, Ireland, Belgium, Switzerland, Australia, Japan, and New Zealand are other countries that have adopted and implemented socialist ideas and policies to varying degrees, and which have seen success in improving their societies as a result. The Scramble for Africa in the 1880s to 1900 was motivated by these ideas. York University Press, 1956). ". The result was utter mismanagement as there was no defined methodology to run these enterprises. It would help congregate Tanzania's rural population so that they could benefit from state services like education and healthcare. Several past and present states have declared themselves socialist states or in the process of building socialism. So, the leaders who instituted socialist regimes shortly after independence - like in Senegal and Tanzania - did not reproduce Marxist-Leninist ideas. Korea is disputed by the, This date marks the founding of the Democratic People's Republic of socialist running of the USSR also served as an inspiration for African countries, Arusha Declaration was the basis for a socialist state (Ujamaa), Kwame Nkrumahs Pan-Africanism of the 19, Is African Socialism an Alternative to N, Julius Nyerere: Africa's First Political, Kwame Nkrumah and Julius Nyerere: The Ta, How Che Guevara Inspired Africans, Parti, SA Rapper AKA Shot Dead In Durban Drive-, SA is a Dictatorship to Protect One Man, Are Electric Vehicles A Step in the Righ, Shock as Nigerian Pastor takes AK-47 to , South Africas State of Disaster and H, Top Rated Online Casinos in South Africa, Zimbabwe Elections 2023: Political Viole, Open a Corporate Bank Account in Nevis O, Stolen in 1916, the Sacred Ivorian Drum , Top 10 Most Dangerous Sports in the Worl. Currency trafficking was punishable by 15 to 20 years in prison. Angola is one of the few countries in Sub-Saharan Africa considered to be socialist. Like African socialism, though, scientific socialism in Africa was more tolerant of religion, and the agricultural basis of African economies meant that the policies of scientific socialists could not be that different than those of African socialist. Zimbabwe socialist experiment ended in disaster, transforming the country which used to be called the breadbasket of the region into a net food importer, with millions facing starvation. Multi-party elections became the norm in several African countries. For example, in the 1960s and 1970s, Cte d'Ivoire was the most economically advanced country in West Africa. The liberal ideals of democracy, which were an offshoot of capitalism were eschewed. Its statutes must promote a broad development of internal democracy as well as broad popular support for the various institutions of the Republic". B. Baratov/Sputnik. All that is required is that a country identifies itself as socialist. Socialist countries are states that have aligned themselves with socialism. All countries that have not claimed to be socialist are excluded, even in cases where certain outside observers regarded those countries as socialist. Imperialist ambitions in Africa were boosted by the expansion of competitive trade in Europe. This study compared capitalist and socialist countries in measures of the physical quality of life (PQL), taking into account the level of economic development. Section 1, Article 4: "Nepal is an independent, indivisible, sovereign, secular, inclusive democratic, socialism-oriented federal democratic republican state". In 1964 he declared himself to be president for life and banned opposition parties. 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